Researchers have identified the dose of Dengue virus in human blood that is required to infect mosquitoes when they bite. Mosquitoes are essential for transmitting the virus between people so the findings have important implications for understanding how to slow the spread of the disease.
By defining the threshold of the amount of virus needed for transmission, the research also provides a target that experimental dengue vaccines and drugs must prevent the virus from reaching, in order to be successful at preventing the spread of disease during natural infection.
Pictured is an Aedes aegypti mosquito imbibing a human blood meal. Blood is visible in the lumen of the needle in front of the withdrawn sheath. Nguyet Minh Nguyen et al. identified the 50% mosquito infectious dose of dengue virus for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes via direct mosquito biting experiments on adult dengue cases. High dengue virus levels in human blood were predictive of the duration of human infectiousness and the likelihood of mosquitoes being infectious 2 weeks after taking a blood meal. The results identify important virological thresholds for dengue virus transmission to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Image courtesy of Nicholas Fernandez (Fact & Fiction Films).Dengue, also known as 'breakbone fever', is a viral infection that is transmitted between humans by mosquitoes. In most people it causes flu-like symptoms but in a small proportion of cases the disease can become life-threatening. Recent estimates indicate that there are 390 million infections of dengue across the globe each year and with no vaccine or specific treatment available, current measures to prevent the spread of disease are focused on controlling the mosquito vector.
In research funded by the Wellcome Trust, scientists and doctors at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Vietnam studied the factors that influence the transmission of dengue viruses from dengue patients to the mosquitoes that feed on them. Their findings reveal that mosquitoes that feed on dengue patients with very high levels of virus in their blood are more likely to be infectious to other humans two weeks later.
“Our findings suggest that focused public health intervention strategies to prevent transmission from these “high risk” spreaders of the virus could have a major impact in slowing the spread of disease,” explains Professor Cameron Simmons, a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam.
Although the levels of virus in patients who had been hospitalized by the disease were much higher, the majority of patients with mild symptoms who were treated at outpatient centres also had enough virus in their blood to support transmission.
“At the moment, dengue surveillance systems typically only count hospitalized patients but our findings confirm that less serious cases represent an equally important source of virus infection. Since these cases often remain in the community for the duration of their illness, it’s important that we explore ways to prevent such patients from providing a source of further virus transmission,” added Professor Simmons.
The researchers hope that understanding the level of virus needed for transmission of infection will provide a useful reference point for the development of experimental drugs and vaccines and could be used to inform the endpoints for clinical trials evaluating such interventions.
The study is published online today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
